Higgs Boson Frozen into the Universe I

When the Mr. Peter Higgs proposed this idea that universe has Higgs Boson stuck everywhere that was already like 50 years ago. People started contemplating doing an experiment to prove this theory that was like also 30 years ago.

When we look into outer space, much of it seems completely empty but particle called the Higgs boson is frozen into this empty space. That is actually much needed for us to understand the origin of atoms.

The discovery of Higgs boson came out from an experiment called Large Hadron Collider laboratory that's in international research center called CERN which is on a border between Switzerland and France, and they have built this big tunnel which is as big as 27 kilometers in circumference. It's a big tunnel, which is filled with high tech equipments. The basic idea is that by building this big experiment can accelerate particles like protons during incredible speed and energy smash together to recreate the condition of the Big Bang. Then we can study what kind of reactions happened back at the very beginning of the universe.

Once accelerating inside, a proton, made of three quarks inside brought together smash against each other recreates a kind of a phenomenon that might happen right after the Big Bang. It starts producing a spray of particles after the collision, and most of the particles that come out didn't exist before the collision. So that's, again, E equals M C squared. This collision of energy converts into the production of mass at the final stage, two particles of light called photon. So when these protons smash against each other, a lot of things would come out. So it's sort of smashing two light trucks against each other at incredible speed and then comes a tank which is much heavier, which doesn't exist before, can create new objects.

We capture all of these objects that came out from collision so that we wouldn't lose any information building a pretty humongous device called particle detectors.

In order to capture all kinds of particles flying out from this high energy collision of two protons against each other, this complicated device was build. Depending on the major particle, there are different ways of capturing them. We can detect electrons; protons called muons and to make sure that we can capture all of them, measure their momentum and energy. Particles like neutrinos can never detect, because they interact so little with anything else, they would just fly away. So it would be a challenge if we produce neutrinos, and know if they have been produced.

The way to measure how quickly the particle is moving is by bending them. Let’s say, electron coming out from collision. Electron has a negative electric charge.

So if particle with charge, if place in magnetic field, it actually bends. That’s what a magnetic field does. So if there is a magnetic field, apply to a charged q flying with speed v. That's velocity. This is the force that is exerted on the particle called Lorentz force. So the particle would bend, because it's pulled in one direction. And being pulled, it has to balance with centrifugal force which goes with the mass and velocity of the particle with this formula. If we let them balance against each other r will be the radius of curvature from equation. So if r is big it doesn't bend very much. If r is small it bends a lot. In order to measure bending make sure that this radius curvature is smaller the kinds of size of the apparatus. That’s hard, if the velocity of the particle is big. So, the bigger the speed, you have to make the radius larger. But you'd have to build a bigger detector. That’s why we need to build very big apparatus.

                                                                      contd...